Diabetic Retinopathy Bibliography
Incidence, Progression, and Risk Factors
Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(14):977-986. doi:10.1056/NEJM199309303291401.
Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE, Cruickshanks KJ. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of diabetic retinopathy, XIV: ten-year incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1994;112(9):1217-1228. doi:10.1001/archopht.1994.01090210105023.
UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet. 1998;352(9131):837-853. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)07019-6.
Seminal Trials of Laser for DME and Proliferative Retinopathy
Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema: Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report number 1. Arch Ophthalmol. 1985;103(12):1796-1806. doi:10.1001/archopht.1985.01050120030015.
Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Indications for photocoagulation treatment of diabetic retinopathy: Diabetic Retinopathy Study report number 14. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1987;27(4):239-253.
Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Early photocoagulation for diabetic retinopathy: ETDRS report number 9. Ophthalmology. 1991;98(5):766-785. doi:10.1016/S0161-6420(13)38011-7.
Landmark Trials on Intravitreal Bevacizumab Therapy for DME
Rajendram R, Fraser-Bell S, Kaines A, et al. A 2-year prospective randomized controlled trial of intravitreal bevacizumab or laser therapy (BOLT) in the management of diabetic macular edema, 24-month data: report 3. Arch Ophthalmol. 2012;130(8):972-979. doi:10.1001/archophthalmol.2012.393.
Landmark Trials on Intravitreal Ranibizumab Therapy for DME
Nguyen QD, Shah SM, Khwaja AA, et al; READ-2 Study Group. Two-year outcomes of the Ranibizumab for Edema of the mAcula in Diabetes (READ-2) Study [published online September 19, 2010]. Ophthalmology. 2010;117(11):2146-2151. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.08.016.
Mitchell P, Bandello F, Schmidt-Erfurth U, et al; RESTORE study group. The RESTORE Study: ranibizumab monotherapy or combined with laser versus laser monotherapy for diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology. 2011;118(4):615-625. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.01.031.
Elman MJ, Bressler NM, Qin H, et al; Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network. Expanded 2-year follow-up of ranibizumab plus prompt or deferred laser or triamcinolone plus prompt laser for diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology. 2011;118(4):609-614. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.12.033.
Nguyen QD, Brown DM, Marcus DM, et al; RISE and RIDE Research Group. Ranibizumab for diabetic macular edema, results from 2 phase III randomized trials: RISE and RIDE [published online February 11, 2012]. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(4):789-801. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.12.039.
Elman MJ, Qin H, Aiello LP, et al; Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network. Intravitreal ranibizumab for diabetic macular edema with prompt versus deferred laser treatment: three-year randomized trial results [published online September 19, 2012]. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(11):2312-2318. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.08.022.
Schmidt-Erfurth U, Lang GE, Holz FG, et al; RESTORE Extension Study Group. Three-year outcomes of individualized ranibizumab treatment in patients with diabetic macular edema: the RESTORE Extension Study [published online February 1, 2014]. Ophthalmology. 2014;121(5):1045-1053. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.11.041.
Landmark Trials on Intravitreal Aflibercept Therapy for DME
Do DV, Nguyen QD, Boyer D, et al; DA VINCI Study Group. One-year outcomes of the DA VINCI Study of VEGF trap-eye in eyes with diabetic macular edema [published online April 24, 2012]. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(8):1658-1665. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.02.010.
Korobelnik JF, Do DV, Schmidt-Erfurth U, et al. Intravitreal aflibercept for diabetic macular edema [published online July 8, 2014]. Ophthalmology. 2014;121(11):2247-2254. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.05.006.
Heier JS, Korobelnik JF, Brown DM, et al. Intravitreal aflibercept for diabetic macular edema: 148-week results from the VISTA and VIVID Studies [published online September 17, 2016]. Ophthalmology 2016;123(11):2376-2385. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.07.032.
Trials Comparing Intravitreal Bevacizumab, Ranibizumab, Aflibercept Therapy for DME
Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network. Aflibercept, bevacizumab, or ranibizumab for diabetic macular edema [published online February 18, 2015]. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:1193-1203. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1414264.
Glassman AR, Wells JA 3rd, Josic K, Maguire MG, Antoszyk AN, Baker C, Beaulieu WT, Elman MJ, Jampol LM, Sun JK. Five-Year Outcomes after Initial Aflibercept, Bevacizumab, or Ranibizumab Treatment for Diabetic Macular Edema (Protocol T Extension Study). Ophthalmology 2020;127(9):1201-1210. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.03.021.
Jhaveri CD, Glassman AR, Ferris FL, Liu D, Maguire MG, Allen JB, Baker CW, Browning D, Cunningham MA, Friedman SM, Jampol LM, Marcus DM, Martin DF, Preston CM, Stockdale CR, Sun JK, DRCR Retina Network. Aflibercept monotherapy versus bevacizumab first followed by aflibercept if needed for treatment of center-involved diabetic macular edema. NEJM 2022 (online first). DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2204225.
Wells JA, Glassman AR, Ayala AR, et al. Aflibercept, bevacizumab, or ranibizumab for diabetic macular edema: two-year results form a comparative effectiveness randomized clinical trial [published online February 27, 2016]. Ophthalmology. 2016;123(6):1351-1359. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.02.022.
Landmark trials on faricimab therapy for DME
Wykoff CC, Abreu F, Adamis AP, Basu K, Eichenbaum DA, Haskova Z, Lin H, Loewenstein A, Mohan S, Pearce IA, Sakamoto T, Schlottmann PG, Silverman D, Sun JK, Wells JA, Willis JR, Tadayoni R; YOSEMITE and RHINE Investigators. Efficacy, durability, and safety of intravitreal faricimab with extended dosing up to every 16 weeks in patients with diabetic macular oedema (YOSEMITE and RHINE): two randomised, double-masked, phase 3 trials, Lancet 2022;399(10326):741-755. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00018-6.
Landmark Trials on Intravitreal Steroid Therapy for DME
Boyer DS, Yoon YH, Belfort R Jr, et al; Ozurdex MEAD Study Group. Three-year, randomized, sham-controlled trial of dexamethasone intravitreal implant in patients with diabetic macular edema [published online June 4, 2014]. Ophthalmology. 2014;121(10):1904-1914. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.04.024 .
Elman MJ, Bressler NM, Qin H, et al. Expanded 2-year follow-up of ranibizumab plus prompt or deferred laser or triamcinolone plus prompt laser for diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology. 2011;118(4):609-614.
Campochiaro PA, Brown DM, Pearson A, et al. Sustained delivery fluocinolone acetonide vitreous inserts provide benefit for at least 3 years in patients with diabetic macular edema (FAME Study) [published online June 21, 2012]. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(10):2125-2132. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.04.030.
Gillies MC, Lim LL, Campain A, et al. A randomized clinical trial of intravitreal bevacizumab versus intravitreal dexamethasone for diabetic macular edema: the BEVORDEX study. Ophthalmology 2014; 121(12): 2473-2481. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.07.002.
Maturi RK, Glassman AR, Liu D, et al. Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research network. Effect of adding dexamethasone to continued ranibizumab treatment in patients with persistent diabetic macular edema: a DRCR Network Phase 2 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Ophthalmology 2018; 136(1): 29-38. doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2017.4914.
Other trials related to diabetic macular edema (DME) or proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR)
Baker CW, Glassman AR, Beaulieu WT, et al. DRCR Retina Network. Effect of initial management with aflibercept vs laser photocoagulation vs observation on vision loss among patients with diabetic macular edema involving the center of the macula and good visual acuity: a randomized controlled trial (DRCR.net protocol V). JAMA 2019; 321(19): 1880-1894. doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.5790.
Maturi RK, Glassman AR, Josic K, Baker CW, Gerstenblith AT, Jampol LM, Meleth A, Martin DF, Melia M, Punjabi OS, Rofagha S, Salehi-Had H, Stockdale CR, Sun JK; DRCR Retina Network. Four-Year Visual Outcomes in the Protocol W Randomized Trial of Intravitreous Aflibercept for Prevention of Vision-Threatening Complications of Diabetic Retinopathy. JAMA. 2023;329(5):376–385. doi:10.1001/jama.2022.25029
Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy for PDR or DR
AR, Josic K, Baker CW, Gerstenblith AT, Jampol LM, Meleth A, Martin DF, Melia M, Punjabi OS, Rofagha S, Salehi-Had H, Stockdale CR, Sun JK; DRCR Retina Network. Four-Year Visual Outcomes in the Protocol W Randomized Trial of Intravitreous Aflibercept for Prevention of Vision-Threatening Complications of Diabetic Retinopathy. JAMA 2023;329(5):376–385. doi:10.1001/jama.2022.25029
Gross JG, Glassman AR, Jampol LM, et al. Writing Committee for the Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network. Panretinal photocoagulation vs intravitreal ranibizumab for proliferative diabetic retinopathy: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2015;314(20):2137-2146. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.15217.
Gross JG, Glassman AR, Liu D, et al. Writing Committee for the Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network. Five-year outcomes of panretinal photocoagulation vs intravitreous ranibizumab for proliferative diabetic retinopathy: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2018;136(10):1138-1148. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2018.3255.
Maturi RK, Glassman AR, Josik K, Antoszyk AN, Blodi BA, Jampol LM, Marcus DM, Maritn DF, Melia M, Salehi-Had H, Stockdale CR, Punjabi OS, Sun JK, DRCR Retina Network. Effect of intravitreous anti-vascular endothelial growth factor vs sham treatment for prevention of vision threatening complications of diabetic retinopathy: the protocol W randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2021;139(7):701-712.
Vitrectomy in Diabetic Retinopathy
Diabetic Retinopathy Vitrectomy Study Research Group. Early vitrectomy for severe vitreous hemorrhage in diabetic retinopathy, two-year results of a randomized trial: Diabetic Retinopathy Vitrectomy Study report 2. Arch Ophthalmol. 1985;103(11):1644-1652. doi:10.1001/archopht.1985.01050110038020.
Diabetic Retinopathy Vitrectomy Study Research Group. Early vitrectomy for severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy in eyes with useful vision: clinical application of results of a randomized trial—Diabetic Retinopathy Vitrectomy Study report 4. Ophthalmology. 1988;95(10):1321-1334. doi:10.1016/S0161-6420(88)33014-9.
Diabetic Retinopathy Vitrectomy Study Research Group. Early vitrectomy for severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy in eyes with useful vision: results of a randomized trial—Diabetic Retinopathy Vitrectomy Study report 3. Ophthalmology. 1988;95(10):1307-1320. doi:10.1016/S0161-6420(88)33015-0.
Diabetic Retinopathy Vitrectomy Study Research Group. Early vitrectomy for severe vitreous hemorrhage in diabetic retinopathy, four-year results of a randomized trial: Diabetic Retinopathy Vitrectomy Study report 5. Arch Ophthalmol. 1990;108(7):958-964. doi:10.1001/archopht.1990.01070090060040.
Antoszyk AN, Glassman AR, Beaulieu WT, et al. DRCR Retina Network. Effect of intravitreaou aflibercept vs vitrectomy with panretnial photocoagulation on visual acuity in patients with vitreous hemorrhage from prolfierative diabetic retinopathy: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2020; 324(23); 2383-2395. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.23027
Updated February 2025